Which term refers to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes?

The term that specifically refers to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes is genetic engineering. This process involves altering the genetic material of an organism in a targeted manner to achieve desired traits or characteristics. Genetic engineering techniques include methods such as CRISPR, which allows for precise editing of the DNA sequence, or the insertion of genes from one organism into another to confer specific traits, such as pest resistance in crops.

Recombinant DNA refers to DNA that has been artificially made by combining DNA from different organisms, which is a technique often used within the broader scope of genetic engineering, but it does not encompass the full range of direct gene manipulation techniques.

Gene therapy aims to treat or prevent diseases by modifying genes in an individual's cells, but it specifically targets therapeutic applications rather than encompassing all forms of gene manipulation.

DNA fingerprinting is a technique used for identifying individuals based on their unique patterns of DNA and does not involve manipulation of genes.

Thus, genetic engineering is the most accurate term for the direct manipulation of an organism's genes.