What process involves a living bacterium taking genetic information from a dead bacterial cell?

The process where a living bacterium takes genetic information from a dead bacterial cell is known as transformation. This occurs when a bacterium incorporates foreign DNA from its environment into its own genome. For example, if a bacterium dies and its DNA is released into the surrounding environment, a nearby living bacterium can uptake and integrate this DNA, potentially acquiring new traits or characteristics.

This mechanism is significant in understanding bacterial genetics and evolution, as it allows for the exchange of genetic material in a way that can contribute to antibiotic resistance or new metabolic capabilities. Transformation is a natural process that can be observed in certain bacterial species and is pivotal in genetic engineering and biotechnology applications as well.

In contrast, transduction involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria), while conjugation requires direct cell-to-cell contact for the transfer of DNA, typically via a pilus. Replication refers to the process of making copies of DNA for cell division rather than the uptake of DNA from the environment.