What is the name of the chart that theorizes ancestral relationships among various species?

The correct answer is the phylogenetic tree. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used in evolutionary biology to represent the evolutionary relationships among various species. It illustrates how different species have diverged from common ancestors over time, showcasing the branching patterns of evolution. This tree is based on evidence such as genetic data, morphological traits, and fossil records, allowing scientists to visualize the relationships and lineage connections between species.

Understanding the organization of a phylogenetic tree is crucial, as it helps researchers predict characteristics of species based on their evolutionary history and provides insight into the processes of evolution and speciation. This contrasts with the other options: the evolutionary scale does not represent specific relationships among species, species map lacks the structural lineage aspect, and genetic chart typically refers to genetic variation within a species rather than relationships among different species.